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Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com
Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4
Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience
Adam’s Books:
The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4

SPONSORS:
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Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:22) – Planet formation
(19:32) – Plate tectonics
(26:54) – Extinction events
(31:04) – Biosphere
(34:02) – Technosphere
(38:17) – Emergence of intelligence
(44:29) – Drake equation
(48:43) – Exoplanets
(51:28) – Habitable zones
(54:30) – Fermi Paradox
(1:03:28) – Alien civilizations
(1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars
(1:25:11) – Search for aliens
(1:41:37) – Alien megastructures
(1:47:43) – Kardashev scale
(1:52:56) – Detecting aliens
(1:59:38) – Warp drives
(2:05:45) – Cryogenics
(2:09:03) – What aliens look like
(2:17:48) – Alien contact
(2:28:53) – UFO sightings
(2:40:38) – Physics of life
(3:06:29) – Nature of time
(3:22:53) – Cognition
(3:27:16) – Mortality

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints
The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar

SPONSORS:
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Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:47) – Why Trump won
(14:48) – Book recommendations
(18:24) – History of wokeism
(25:54) – History of Scots-Irish
(32:32) – Biden
(36:34) – FDR
(38:36) – George W Bush
(40:59) – LBJ
(46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis
(53:48) – Immigration
(1:25:46) – DOGE
(1:52:27) – MAGA ideology
(1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders
(2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump
(2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi
(2:24:14) – Kamala Harris
(2:40:00) – 2020 Election
(3:03:49) – Sam Harris
(3:14:55) – UFOs
(3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party
(3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party
(3:35:21) – Hope

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Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Javier Milei’s X: https://x.com/JMilei
Javier Milei’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei
Javier Milei’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista

SPONSORS:
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Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress.
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AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:44) – Economic freedom
(20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism
(30:02) – Presidency and reforms
(49:22) – Poverty
(55:54) – Corruption
(1:04:32) – Freedom
(1:18:43) – Elon Musk
(1:24:11) – DOGE
(1:26:13) – Donald Trump
(1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations
(1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona
(1:48:16) – God
(1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones
(1:54:02) – Free market
(2:01:03) – Loyalty
(2:03:40) – Advice for young people
(2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

SOCIAL LINKS:
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– Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman
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Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Claude: https://claude.ai
Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI
Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com
Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei
Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com
Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace
Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402
Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io
Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell
Amanda’s Website: https://askell.io

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management.
Go to https://encord.com/lex
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:19) – Scaling laws
(19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling
(27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta
(33:14) – Claude
(36:50) – Opus 3.5
(41:36) – Sonnet 3.5
(44:56) – Claude 4.0
(49:07) – Criticism of Claude
(1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels
(1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4
(1:16:46) – Computer use
(1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI
(1:45:30) – Hiring a great team
(1:54:19) – Post-training
(1:59:45) – Constitutional AI
(2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace
(2:24:17) – AGI timeline
(2:36:52) – Programming
(2:43:52) – Meaning of life
(2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy
(2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people
(2:56:15) – Talking to Claude
(3:12:47) – Prompt engineering
(3:21:21) – Post-training
(3:26:00) – Constitutional AI
(3:30:53) – System prompts
(3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber?
(3:49:02) – Character training
(3:50:01) – Nature of truth
(3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure
(4:01:49) – AI consciousness
(4:16:20) – AGI
(4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability
(4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality
(4:47:23) – Superposition
(4:58:22) – Monosemanticity
(5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity
(5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks
(5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

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Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history.
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See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Rick’s Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence
Rick’s Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:04) – KGB and CIA
(23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD
(38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies
(45:29) – Assassinations and mind control
(52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein
(59:15) – Bohemian Grove
(1:11:09) – Occultism
(1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society
(2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(2:35:43) – Charles Manson
(3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer
(3:13:24) – Illuminati
(3:20:48) – Secret societies

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

SOCIAL LINKS:
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– Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman
– Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

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Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate.
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See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Bernie’s Website: https://berniesanders.com
Bernie’s X: https://x.com/BernieSanders
Bernie’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/berniesanders
Bernie’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@BernieSanders
Bernie’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders

Bernie’s Books:
It’s OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3
Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4
Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf
Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u

SPONSORS:
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AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:51) – MLK Jr
(11:43) – Corruption in politics
(23:00) – Healthcare in US
(31:33) – 2016 election
(37:32) – Barack Obama
(43:26) – Capitalism
(51:35) – Response to attacks
(56:32) – AOC and progressive politics
(1:04:24) – Mortality
(1:06:30) – Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series “Ancient Apocalypse”, the 2nd season of which has just been released.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep449-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
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Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
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EPISODE LINKS:
Graham’s Website: https://grahamhancock.com/
Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003
Graham’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom
Graham’s X: https://x.com/Graham__Hancock
Graham’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock
Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC

SPONSORS:
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Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:58) – Lost Ice Age civilization
(17:03) – Göbekli Tepe
(29:07) – Early humans
(34:07) – Astronomical symbolism
(45:36) – Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
(1:03:55) – The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza
(1:24:29) – Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest
(1:33:49) – Response to critics
(1:57:56) – Panspermia
(2:05:22) – Shamanism
(2:29:22) – How the Great Pyramid was built
(2:36:41) – Mortality

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep448-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jordan-peterson-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Peterson Academy: https://petersonacademy.com
Jordan’s X: https://x.com/jordanbpeterson
Jordan’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson
Jordan’s Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com

Jordan’s Books:
We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a
Beyond Order: https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw
12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF
Maps of Meaning: https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress.
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Ground News: Unbiased news source.
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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(07:07) – Nietzsche
(14:48) – Power and propaganda
(19:54) – Nazism
(24:54) – Religion
(41:18) – Communism
(47:03) – Hero myth
(49:12) – Belief in God
(59:24) – Advice for young people
(1:12:02) – Sex
(1:32:00) – Good and evil
(1:44:46) – Psychopathy
(1:58:15) – Hardship
(2:10:31) – Pain and gratitude
(2:21:32) – Truth

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep447-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Cursor Website: https://cursor.com
Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai
Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/
Aman’s X: https://x.com/amanrsanger
Aman’s Website: https://amansanger.com/
Arvid’s X: https://x.com/ArVID220u
Arvid’s Website: https://arvid.xyz/
Michael’s Website: https://mntruell.com/
Michael’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN
Sualeh’s X: https://x.com/sualehasif996
Sualeh’s Website: https://sualehasif.me/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management.
Go to https://encord.com/lex
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:25) – Code editor basics
(11:35) – GitHub Copilot
(18:53) – Cursor
(25:20) – Cursor Tab
(31:35) – Code diff
(39:46) – ML details
(45:20) – GPT vs Claude
(51:54) – Prompt engineering
(59:20) – AI agents
(1:13:18) – Running code in background
(1:17:57) – Debugging
(1:23:25) – Dangerous code
(1:34:35) – Branching file systems
(1:37:47) – Scaling challenges
(1:51:58) – Context
(1:57:05) – OpenAI o1
(2:08:27) – Synthetic data
(2:12:14) – RLHF vs RLAIF
(2:14:01) – Fields Medal for AI
(2:16:43) – Scaling laws
(2:25:32) – The future of programming

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Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ed-barnhart-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Ed’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast
Ed’s Website: https://archaeoed.com/
Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org
Ed’s Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
Ed’s Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ
2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:59) – Lost civilizations
(16:04) – Hunter-gatherers
(19:36) – First humans in the Americas
(29:28) – South America
(34:57) – Pyramids
(42:01) – Religion
(55:05) – Shamanism
(57:02) – Ayahuasca
(1:03:15) – Lost City of Z
(1:08:09) – Graham Hancock
(1:15:11) – Uncontacted tribes
(1:21:12) – Maya civilization
(1:37:00) – Mayan calendar
(1:52:17) – Flood myths
(2:20:46) – Aztecs
(2:38:12) – Inca Empire
(2:56:13) – Early humans in North America
(3:02:10) – Columbus
(3:06:46) – Vikings
(3:10:55) – Aliens
(3:15:23) – Earth in 10,000 years
(3:31:33) – Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips